The effects of repeated doses of xylazine-ketamine and medetomidineketamine anesthesia on DNA damage in the liver and kidney

Purpose: This study evaluated the DNA damage caused by repeated doses of xylazine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia in the liver and kidneys. Methods: In this study, 60 rats were used. The rats were divided into group 1 (xylazine-ketamine), and group 2 (medetomidine-ketamine), and these anesthetic combinations were administered to the rats at repeated doses with 30-min intervals. The effects of these anesthetic agents on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene for DNA damage were investigated. Results: According to the gene expression results, it was observed that a single dose of xylazine-ketamine was 2.9-fold expressed, while first and second repeat doses did not show significant changes in expression levels. However, in the case of the third repetition, it was observed to be 3.8-fold overexpressed. In the case of medetomidine-ketamine administration, it was observed that a single-dose application resulted in a 1.04-fold expression, while the first and the third repeat doses showed a significant down expression. The samples from the second repeat dose administration group were found to have insignificant levels of expression. Conclusions: This study can contribute to understanding the safe anesthetic combination in research and operations in which xylazine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine combinations are used.

Rabbit growth plate morphology in temporary bilateral blocking / Morfología de la placa de crecimiento de conejos durante bloqueo bilateral temporario

Blocking of the growth plate (GP) using plates with screws (tension band plating) is a modern method used to correct deformities and moderate leg length discrepancy in growing children. Determining the duration of temporary bilateral blocking without the occurrence of irreversible changes of GP is of paramount importance important. Methods: Two-month-old Californian breed male rabbits (n=30) were exposed to bilateral blocking of the distal GP of the right femur locking plates with screws for 3, 5, and 7 weeks. The fixators were removed after 5 and 7 weeks in 18 rabbits and 3 weeks after that, animals were sacri!ced. The contralateral limb was used as a control. Histological, histomorphometric, and X-ray analyses were performed. Results: During GP blocking, its height gradually decreased. This decreased was more pronounced after 7 weeks. Destructive changes progressed with an increase in the blocking duration. Three weeks after discontinuation of the bilateral blocking that lasted 5 weeks, the height of the GP signi!cantly increased 1.2 times on the lateral side and 1.9 times on the medial side (p<0.001) compared to the control. When blocking was discontinued after 7 weeks, the structure of the GP was partially restored after 3 weeks, the height of GP signi!cantly increased 1.2 times on the lateral side, and 1.07 times on the medial side (p<0.01) compared to the control. Conclusion: Restoration of the structuralfunctional features of the GP after the removal of the plates depends on the duration of temporary bilateral blocking, which must be taken into account in the clinical setting. (AU)

El bloqueo de la placa de crecimiento (PC) utilizando placas con tornillos (banda de tensión) es un método moderno utilizado para corregir deformidades y alteraciones moderadas en la longitud de las piernas en niños en crecimiento. Es de suma importancia determinar cuál debe ser la duración del bloqueo bilateral temporal sin que ocurran cambios irreversibles en la PC. Métodos: Conejos machos de raza californiana de dos meses de edad (n = 30) fueron expuestos al bloqueo bilateral de la PC distal colocando placas del fémur derecho con tornillos durante 3, 5 y 7 semanas. Los fijadores fueron retirados después de 5 y 7 semanas en 18 de los conejos, y 3 semanas después los animales fueron sacrificados. La extremidad contralateral se utilizó como control. Se realizaron análisis histológicos, histomorfométricos y de rayos X. Resultados: Durante el bloqueo de la PC, su altura disminuyó gradualmente. Esta disminución fue más pronunciada después de 7 semanas. Los cambios destructivos se incrementaron a medida aumentaba la duración del bloqueo. Tres semanas después de la interrupción del bloqueo bilateral que duró 5 semanas, la altura de la PC aumentó significativamente 1.2 veces en el lado lateral y 1.9 veces en el lado medial (p <0.001) en comparación con el control. Conclusión: La restauración de las características funcionales estructurales de la PC después de la extracción de las placas depende de la duración del bloqueo bilateral temporal, lo que debería tenerse en cuenta en el tratamiento clínico de estas alteraciones. (AU)

Protective effects of Tadalafil and darbepoetin against ischemia - reperfusion injury in a rat testicular torsion model

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate protective effects of darbepoetin and tadalafil against ischemia-reperfusion injury in ipsilateral and contralateral testicle. Materials and Methods: Thirty 3-month-old adult male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (A-E). Sham operation was performed in the first group. In Group B, rats did not received any medication after creating 720 degrees torsion of the left testis. The rats in Group C, D and E received darbepoetin, tadalafil, and darbepoetin/tadalafil combination 30 minutes after creating 720 degrees torsion of the left testis, respectively. The testes of rats in these three groups were detorsioned at 90 minutes after drug administration. Both testes were removed at 30 minutes after detorsion. Results: There were significant differences between the groups in terms of the degree of histopathological damage, Johnsen score, fibrosis score and caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the torsioned testes (p: 0.000). The results for each parameter in the left testes were significantly better in the darbepoetin / tadalafil combination group. Similarly, there were also significant differences in the contralateral testes (p: 0.000). Conclusion: The active substances darbepoetin and tadalafil that were used as a combination had protective effects on both testes and produced out better results in preserving testicular histology. Especially in cases where it is not possible to rescue the torsioned testis, this result was more noticeable in the contralateral testis.

Contenção farmacológica do rato-do-bambu (Dactylomys dactylinus Desmarest, 1817) e relato de ocorrência da espécie na região Sul do Brasil / Chemical restraint of the Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus Desmarest, 1817) and of the occurrence of the species in southern Brazil

Um exemplar de rato-do-bambu (Dactylomys dactylinus) subadulto saudável do sexo feminino, de vida livre, com massa corporal de 0,32 kg, recebeu por via intramuscular, em uma única injeção, doses de tiletamina, zolazepam, xilazina e atropina calculadas por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, a partir das recomendações usuais para o cão doméstico de 10,0 kg (tiletamina/zolazepam - 5,0mg/kg, xilazina - 1,0mg/kg) e atropina - 0,05mg/kg). O rato perdeu a reação postural de endireitamento em 2,3 minutos pós-injeção (MPI) e recuperou a capacidade de deambular normalmente em 135 MPI. A frequência cardíaca variou de 360 a 188 bpm (226±62), a frequência respiratória de 128 a 112mpm (120±5), e a temperatura retal de 36,2 a 33,5°C (34,4±1,0). A analgesia e o miorrelaxamento foram considerados bons para a realização de procedimentos indolores ou pouco dolorosos de curta duração, como exame físico, colheita de material biológico, biometria, exames de imagem e marcação. A associação de fármacos permitiu a manipulação segura do animal por 63 MPI. A recuperação foi considerada satisfatória, porém prolongada. Destaca-se que este é primeiro registro de ocorrência da espécie na Região Sul do Brasil, e o primeiro relato de contenção farmacológica desse roedor neotropical.(AU)

One subadult healthy free-living female Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus), weighting 0.32 kg, received tiletamine HCl, zolazepam HCl, xilazine HCl and atropine sulfate, combined in a single intramuscular injection. All doses were calculated by interspecific allometric scaling, using as model a 10.0 kg domestic dog (tiletamine/zolazepam -5.0mg/kg), xylazine -1.0mg/kg), and atropine - 0.05mg/kg). Immobilization occurred in 2.3 minutes after injection (MAI) and returno to normal ambulation was observed in 135 MAI. Heart rate remained between 360 and 188 beats/minute (226±62), respiratory rate between 128 and 112 breaths/minute (120±5), and body temperature ranged from 36.2 to 33.5°C (34.4±1.0). Analgesia and myorelaxation were considered good for painless or mild painful fast procedures as physical examination, biological sampling, biometrics, imaging tests and tagging. The proposed anesthetic protocol was safe and effective, allowing safe manipulation of the animal during 63 MAI. The recovery was satisfactory, but prolonged. This is the first record of the species in Southern Brazil and the first report on its chemical restraint.(AU)

Establishment of an anesthetic protocol for semen collection by electroejaculation in six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus Linnaeus, 1758) / Estabelecimento de um protocolo anestésico para coleta de sêmen por eletroejaculação em tatus-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus Linnaeus, 1758)

The aim was to verify the effects of different anesthetic protocols used during electroejaculation (EEJ) in six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus). Four sexually matured animals were physically restrained and subjected to semen collection by the EEJ following three treatments: The control group consisted of no use of anesthesia; in the others, the anesthetic combinations xylazine/ketamine/propofol or butorphanol/ ketamine/propofol were administered. For each group, twelve procedures were conducted for EEJ. Semen was evaluated for volume, color, aspect, motility, sperm concentration, morphology, viability, and functional membrane integrity. The highest efficiency (100% ejaculates) was achieved when the control group was used; the xylazine/ketamine/propofol association provided only 11 ejaculates from a total of 12 attempts (91.6% efficiency), while only 4 ejaculates (33% efficiency) were obtained with butorphanol/ketamine/propofol (P<0.05). Both protocols provided rapid induction and relaxation enough to perform the EEJ. In the use of butorphanol/ketamine/propofol, the animals recovered at 16.5±1.5min, a time shorter than in the use of xylazine/ketamine/propofol protocol, 20.7±1.0min (P>0.05). The semen volume and sperm concentration obtained in the use of xylazine/ketamine/propofol association were significantly higher than those verified for butorphanol/ketamine/propofol protocol. In conclusion, the xylazine/ketamine/propofol association is indicated for anesthesia of six-banded armadillos submitted to EEJ.(AU)

Objetivou-se verificar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos anestésicos usados durante a eletroejaculação (EEJ) em tatus-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus). Quatro animais sexualmente maduros foram contidos fisicamente e submetidos à coleta de sêmen por EEJ, seguindo três tratamentos: o grupo controle consistiu do não uso de anestesia; nos outros, foram administradas combinações anestésicas de xilazina/cetamina/propofol, ou butorfanol/cetamina/propofol. Para cada grupo, foram conduzidos 12 procedimentos de EEJ. O sêmen foi avaliado para volume, cor, aspecto, motilidade, concentração de espermatozoides, morfologia, viabilidade e integridade funcional da membrana. A mais alta eficiência (100% de ejaculados) foi alcançada quando o grupo controle foi utilizado; a associação de cetamina/xilazina/propofol forneceu apenas 11 ejaculados de um total de 12 tentativas (de eficiência 91,6%), enquanto apenas quatro ejaculados (eficiência de 33%) foram obtidos com butorfanol/cetamina/propofol (P<0,05). Ambos os protocolos forneceram rápida indução e relaxamento suficientes para executar a EEJ. Na utilização de butorfanol/cetamina/propofol, os animais se recuperaram em 16,5±1,5min, um tempo mais curto do que no uso de xilazina/cetamina/protocolo de propofol, 20,7±1,0min (P>0,05). O volume de sêmen e a concentração espermática obtidos no uso da associação xilazina/cetamina/propofol foram significativamente maiores do que os verificados para o protocolo butorfanol/cetamina/propofol. Em conclusão, a associação de cetamina/xilazina/propofol é indicada para anestesia de tatus-peba submetidos à EEJ.(AU)

Avaliação dos efeitos do subgalato de bismuto na proliferação de miofibroblastos / Assessment of the effects of bismuth subgallate on proliferation of myofibroblasts: an experimental study in rats

Resumo Contexto O subgalato de bismuto é um metal pesado e insolúvel, utilizado por suas propriedades adstringentes e hemostáticas. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos do subgalato de bismuto na cicatrização mediante observação de miofibroblastos em pele de ratos. Métodos Foram utilizados 60 ratos da linhagem Wistar, que receberam uma ferida no dorso da pele. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (aplicação diária de cloreto de sódio a 0,9%) e experimental (aplicação diária de 0,5 mg de subgalato de bismuto). Cada grupo foi subdividido em três subgrupos, que foram reoperados para retirada da ferida em 3, 7 e 14 dias. Foi realizada coloração de hematoxilina eosina, picrosirius e imuno-histoquímica para avaliar contagem de miofibroblastos, resposta inflamatória e síntese de colágeno. Resultados Não foi encontrada diferença entre os grupos controle e experimento com relação ao processo inflamatório – subgrupos 3 dias (p = 1), 7 dias (p = 0,474) e 14 dias (p = 303). A avaliação dos colágenos tipo I e III no grupo-controle não demonstrou benefícios de cicatrização – 3 dias (p = 0,436), 7 dias (p = 0,853) e 14 dias (p = 0,436); já no grupo experimental, houve aumento dos colágenos tipos I e III nos subgrupos 3 e 14 dias (p = 0,005). A imuno-histoquímica confirmou os resultados encontrados na coloração hematoxilina eosina, na qual a área de miofibroblastos entre os subgrupos, nos grupos experimental (p = 0,4) e controle (p = 0,336), foi indiferente. Conclusão A utilização do subgalato de bismuto em ferida de pele de ratos não evidenciou benefícios na cicatrização, ou seja, não houve diferença na fibroplasia quando comparados os grupos experimental e controle.

Abstract Background Bismuth subgallate is an insoluble heavy metal that is used for its astringent and hemostatic properties. Objective To evaluate the effects of bismuth subgallate on the healing process by observation of myofibroblasts in the skin of rats. Methods A sample of 60 Wistar rats was used. Each rat was subjected to a dorsal skin wound and allocated to one of two groups: a control group, in which 0.9% sodium chloride was administered daily, or an experimental group, in which 0.5 mg of bismuth subgallate was administered daily. Each of these groups was further subdivided into three subsets, which were reoperated after 3, 7 and 14 days respectively for excision and collection of the skin wound specimens. Samples were treated with hematoxylin eosin, picrosirius, and immunohistochemical staining to enable assessment of myofibroblast counts, inflammatory response phase, and collagen synthesis. Results No inflammatory process differences were detected between the control and experimental groups at 3 days (p = 1), 7 days (p = 0.474), or 14 days (p = 303). Evaluation of types I and III collagen in the control group did not demonstrate healing benefits at 3 days (p = 0.436), 7 days (p = 0.853), or 14 days (p = 0.436); whereas in the experimental group there were increases in types I and III collagen at 3 and 14 days (p = 0.005). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the results of hematoxylin eosin staining, since there were no differences between subsets in terms of area of myofibroblasts, in the experimental (p = 0.4) or the control (p = 0.336) groups. Conclusions Administration of bismuth subgallate to skin wounds in rats did not result in any evidence of benefits to healing, i.e., no difference in fibroplasia was detected when experimental and control groups were compared.

Cetamina, xilazina e atropina, em doses calculadas por extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, para contenção farmacológica da cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) / Allometrically scaled dosages of ketamine, xylazine and atropine for chemical restraint of agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) / Ketamina, xilacina y atropina, en dosis calculadas por extrapolación alométrica interespecífica, para sujeción farmacológica del agutí (Dasyprocta azarae)

A cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) é um roedor neotropical que necessita ser contido por meios farmacológicos para a realização de certos procedimentos médicos e de manejo, em função de características comportamentais de defesa e grande susceptibilidade ao estresse. A combinação de cloridrato de cetamina, cloridrato de xilazina e sulfato de atropina foi administrada, por via intramuscular, a 53 cutias (33 machos e 20 fêmeas) com pesos entre 0,74 e 3,58 kg (2,071±0,678 kg), para possibilitar a realização de procedimentos de campo que incluíam determinação de sexo, biometria, marcação, exame físico e colheita de sangue e urina. Após a pesagem de cada cutia, a dose individual de cada um dos fármacos foi calculada por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, usando-se como modelo as doses usualmente recomendadas para um cão doméstico de 10 kg (cetamina ? 20,00mg/kg, xilazina ? 2,00mg/kg e atropina ? 0,05mg/kg). Em todos os animais a indução do estado de contenção foi rápida, sendo a reação postural de endireitamento abolida entre 0,5 e 5,0 minutos (2,02±1,21 minutos) após a injeção. A temperatura retal variou de 28,9 a 40,9ºC (36,38±2,04ºC), a frequência cardíaca variou de 72 a 240 b.p.m. (150,93±31,48 b.p.m.) e a frequência respiratória variou de 20 a 192 m.p.m. (80,63±29,09 m.p.m.).

The agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) is a neotropical rodent that requires chemical restraint for handling due to its susceptibility to stress and defensive behavior characteristics. Fifty-three agoutis (33 males and 20 females) weighing 0.74 to 3.58 kg (2.071±0.678 kg) were given ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate combined by i.m. injection during procedures that included sexing, measuring, marking, physical examinations and collecting blood and urine. All drug doses were calculated using the respective doses of a 10-kg dog as model. These doses are 20.00 mg/kg for ketamine, 2.00mg/kg for xylazine and 0.05mg/kg for atropine. In all individuals, immobilization was rapid and uneventful. Righting reflexes were abolished after 0.50 to 5.00 min (2.02±1.21 min). Body temperature fluctuated between 28.9 and 40.9ºC (36.38±2.04ºC), heart rates remained between 72 and 240 beats/min (150.93±31.48); and respiratory rates ranged between 20 and 192 breaths/min (80.63±29.09). Restraint quality was evaluated by measuring muscle relaxation at 10, 15, 25 and 35 min after injection. Chemical restraint was excellent in about 90.00% and good in about 5.00% of the cases.

El agutí (Dasyprocta azarae) es un roedor neo tropical que necesita ser sujetado por medios farmacológicos para ciertos procedimientos médicos y de manejo, debido a características comportamentales de defensa y gran susceptibilidad a el estrés. La combinación de clorhidrato de ketamina, clorhidrato de xilacina y sulfato de atropina fue administrada por vía intramuscular a 53 agutíes (33 machos e 20 hembras) con pesos entre 0,74 e 3,58 kg (2,071±0,678 kg), para posibilitar la realización de procedimientos de campo que incluyan determinación de sexo, biometría, marcación, examen físico y colecta de sangre y orina. Cada animal fue pesado y la dosis individual de cada uno de los fármacos fue calculada por extrapolación alométrica interespecífica, usándose como modelo las dosis usualmente recomendadas para un perro doméstico de 10 kg (ketamina ? 20,00mg/kg, xilacina ? 2,00mg/kg y atropina ? 0,05mg/kg). En todos los animales la inducción del estado de sujeción fue rápida, y la reacción postural de enderechamiento fue abolida entre 0,5 e 5,0 minutos (2,02±1,21 minutos) después de la inyección. La temperatura rectal varió de 28,9 a 40,9ºC (36,38±2,04ºC), la frecuencia cardíaca varió de 72 a 240 b.p.m. (150,93±31,48 b.p.m.) y la frecuencia respiratoria varió de 20 a 192 m.p.m. (80,63±29,09 m.p.m.).

A longevidade segundo histórias de vida de idosos longevos / La longevidad según historias de vida de ancianos longevos / Longevity according to life histories of the oldest-old

RESUMOObjetivo:interpretar as histórias de vida dos idosos longevos de uma comunidade, alicerçada na perspectiva do Envelhecimento Ativo e Curso de Vida.Método:pesquisa qualitativa, da qual participaram vinte idosos de 80 anos e mais, usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. As histórias de vida foram coletadas e analisadas segundo a proposta da Entrevista Narrativa Autobiográfica.Resultados:no processo analítico surgiram elementos presentes no passado e presente dos longevos, que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de um modelo teórico: "Construindo a longevidade no curso de vida".Conclusãoa longevidade tem suas raízes no passado, fortemente infl uenciada pela cultura familiar e curso de vida, os pressupostos do Envelhecimento Ativo são mais expressivos na trajetória atual dos informantes. O teor das narrativas apontou novas possibilidades de intervenção da Enfermagem Gerontológica na Atenção Primária, visando à promoção e à prevenção da saúde, fundamentadas especialmente no respeito à cultura dos longevos.

RESUMENObjetivo:interpretar las historias de vida de ancianos longevos de una comunidad, basada en la perspectiva del Envejecimiento Activo y Curso de Vida.Método:es la investigación cualitativa. Participaron veinte ancianos de 80 años o más, usuarios de una Unidad Básica de Salud. Las historias de vida fueron obtenidas e analizadas de acuerdo a la propuesta de la Entrevista Narrativa Autobiográfica.Resultados:elementos presentes en el pasado y el presente de los longevos, contribuyeron para el desarrollo de un modelo teórico: "Construyendo la longevidad en el curso de vida".Conclusión:la longevidad tiene sus raíces en el pasado, muy infl uenciada por la cultura familiar y curso de vida, los presupuestos del Envejecimiento Activo son más expresivos en la trayectoria actual de los informantes. Las narrativas han apuntado nuevas posibilidades de intervención de la Enfermería Gerontológica en la Atención Primaria, con la finalidad de hacer promoción y prevención de la salud, fundamentada especialmente en el respeto a la cultura de los longevos.

ABSTRACTObjective:to interpret life histories of the oldest-old in a community, grounded on the perspective of the Active Aging and Life Course.Method:this is a qualitative research. Participants included twenty seniors 80 years and older, users of a Basic Health Unit. Life histories were collected and analyzed according to the proposition of the Autobiographical Narrative Interview.Results:during the analytic process, elements found in the elders' present and past arose, contributing to the development of a theoretical model: "Building longevity along the life course."Conclusion:longevity is rooted in the past, strongly infl uenced by the family culture and life course; assumptions of the Active Aging are more meaningful in the informants' present trajectory. The content of the narratives pointed to new possibilities of Gerontology Nursing intervention in Primary Care, aiming at health promotion and intervention, specially grounded on the respect to the oldest-elders' culture.

Bispectral index in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine, isoflurane and subjected to continuous rate infusion of lidocaine

PURPOSE: To assess the bispectral index (BIS) and recovery in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane and subjected to CRI of lidocaine. METHODS: Xilazine was administered followed by ketamine and midazolam, orotracheal intubation and maintenance on isoflurane using mechanical ventilation. Lidocaine (2 mg kg-1 bolus) or saline (0.9%) was administered IV followed by a CRI (100 µg kg-1 minute-1) of lidocaine (L) or saline (C). Were recorded BIS, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rectal temperature (RT) before administration of premedication (TB) and 15 minutes after (TX), before administering lidocaine (T0) and 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the start of the CRI . Time do sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) and plasma lidocaine concentration also evaluated. RESULTS: In both treatments BIS decreased significantly at all times compared to TB. TX was higher than the subsequent times. HR decreased from baseline at all times and decreased from T40 in L compared to C. SRE was higher in L compared to C. CONCLUSIONS: Bispectral index values were consistent with the degree of hypnosis of the animals. Lidocaine did not potentiate isoflurane anesthesia assessed by BIS in unstimulated calves anesthetized with constant E´Iso. Lidocaine increased the time to sternal recumbency. .

Comparação da contenção farmacológica com cetamina e xilazina, administradas pela via intramuscular no membro torácico ou pélvico, em jacarés-do-papo-amarelo juvenis / Comparison of pharmacological restraint with ketamine and xylazine, administered intramuscularly in the forelimb or hindlimb, in broad-snouted caiman juveniles

Os répteis possuem um sistema porta-renal, o qual pode desviar parte do sangue proveniente das porções caudais do corpo aos rins antes que a mesma atinja a circulação sistêmica. Em vista disto, vem sendo aconselhada a administração de medicamentos injetáveis nos membros torácicos, para que se evite a filtração imediata pelo parênquima renal, causando redução do efeito esperado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da associação de cetamina (30 mg/kg) e xilazina (1 mg/kg), injetada no membro torácico ou pélvico, em jacarés-do-papo-amarelo (Caiman latirostris) juvenis. Oito animais machos com peso médio (±DP) de 1,3 (±0,3) kg e, aproximadamente, dois anos de idade foram anestesiados em duas ocasiões distintas com intervalo de sete dias. Em cada ocasião, os animais receberam, de forma aleatória, a associação anestésica por via intramuscular em membro torácico (tratamento MT) ou pélvico (tratamento MP). Foram avaliados os intervalos de tempo entre a administração do tratamento e a perda do reflexo de endireitamento (período de indução), entre a perda e o retorno desse reflexo (duração do efeito clínico importante) e entre o retorno do reflexo de endireitamento e os primeiros movimentos de deambulação (duração do efeito residual), as frequências cardíaca e respiratória e as temperaturas ambiental e cloacal. Os escores de sedação/anestesia foram avaliados através de uma escala com variação de 0 (alerta/consciente) a 10 (anestesia profunda/sobredosagem). No tratamento MP, dois animais não apresentaram perda de reflexo de endireitamento. Considerando somente aqueles que apresentaram a perda desse reflexo, o tempo de indução (21±9 e 17±5 minutos) e a duração do efeito clínico importante (35±19 e 43±21 minutos) e residual (28±31 e 12±11 minutos) foram similares entre os tratamentos MT e MP (média±desvio padrão)...

Reptiles possess a renal portal system which can divert part of the blood from the caudal portions of the body to the kidney before it reaches the systemic circulation. In view of this, it has been recommended the administration of injectable medications in the forelimbs, in order to avoid immediate glomerular filtration, which might result in a reduction of the expected effect. The aim of this study was to compare qualitative and quantitative aspects of the pharmacological restraint provided by the combination of ketamine (30mg/kg) and xylazine (1mg/kg), injected into the forelimb or hindlimb, in broad-snouted caiman juveniles (Caiman latirostris). Eight male animals, with a mean weight (±SD) of 1.3 (±0.3) kg, and aged about 2 years old, were anesthetized on two separate occasions with an interval of 7 days. On each occasion, the animals were randomly assigned to receive the anesthetic combination intramuscularly into the forelimb (FL treatment) or hindlimb (HL treatment). The time intervals between administration of treatment and loss of the righting reflex (induction time), between the loss and return of this reflex (duration of important clinical effect), and between the return of the righting reflex and first movements of ambulation (duration of residual effect) were measured as well as heart and respiratory rates and cloacal and environmental temperatures. Sedation/anesthesia scores were evaluated using a scale ranging from 0 (alert/conscious) to 10 (deep anesthesia/overdose). In the HL treatment, loss of righting reflex was not observed in two animals. Considering only those animals whose loss of righting reflex was observed, the induction time (21±9 and 17±5 minutes), the duration of important clinical effect (35±19 and 43±21 minutes), and the duration of residual effect (28±31 and 12±11 minutes) were similar between the FL and HL treatments, respectively (mean±SD). Sedation/anesthesia scores were significantly higher than at baseline...

Cetamina, xilazina e atropina, em doses calculadas por extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, para contenção farmacológica da cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) / Allometrically scaled dosages of ketamine, xylazine and atropine for chemical restraint of agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) / Ketamina, xilacina y atropina, en dosis calculadas por extrapolación alométrica interespecífica, para sujeción farmacológica del agutí (Dasyprocta azarae)

A cutia (Dasyprocta azarae) é um roedor neotropical que necessita ser contido por meios farmacológicos para a realização de certos procedimentos médicos e de manejo, em função de características comportamentais de defesa e grande susceptibilidade ao estresse. A combinação de cloridrato de cetamina, cloridrato de xilazina e sulfato de atropina foi administrada, por via intramuscular, a 53 cutias (33 machos e 20 fêmeas) com pesos entre 0,74 e 3,58 kg (2,071±0,678 kg), para possibilitar a realização de procedimentos de campo que incluíam determinação de sexo, biometria, marcação, exame físico e colheita de sangue e urina. Após a pesagem de cada cutia, a dose individual de cada um dos fármacos foi calculada por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica, usando-se como modelo as doses usualmente recomendadas para um cão doméstico de 10 kg (cetamina – 20,00mg/kg, xilazina – 2,00mg/kg e atropina – 0,05mg/kg). Em todos os animais a indução do estado de contenção foi rápida, sendo a reação postural de endireitamento abolida entre 0,5 e 5,0 minutos (2,02±1,21 minutos) após a injeção. A temperatura retal variou de 28,9 a 40,9ºC (36,38±2,04ºC), a frequência cardíaca variou de 72 a 240 b.p.m. (150,93±31,48 b.p.m.) e a frequência respiratória variou de 20 a 192 m.p.m. (80,63±29,09 m.p.m.). Avaliou-se a qualidade da contenção farmacológica com base no miorrelaxamento observado aos dez, 15, 25 e 35 minutos após a injeção. A contenção farmacológica foi excelente em cerca de 90,00% dos casos, e boa em outros 5,00%. A qualidade da analgesia foi avaliada, principalmente, por meio das rea- ções de nocicepção ao pinçamento de um dígito do membro torácico esquerdo aos dez, 15, 25 e 35 minutos após a injeção, e foi ruim em mais de 50,00% dos casos...

The agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) is a neotropical rodent that requires chemical restraint for handling due to its susceptibility to stress and defensive behavior characteristics. Fifty-three agoutis (33 males and 20 females) weighing 0.74 to 3.58 kg (2.071±0.678 kg) were given ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate combined by i.m. injection during field procedures that included sexing, measuring, marking, physical examinations and collecting blood and urine. All drug doses were calculated using the respective doses of a 10-kg dog as model. These doses are 20.00 mg/ kg for ketamine, 2.00mg/kg for xylazine and 0.05mg/kg for atropine. In all individuals, immobilization was rapid and uneventful. Righting reflexes were abolished after 0.50 to 5.00 min (2.02±1.21 min). Body temperature fluctuated between 28.9 and 40.9ºC (36.38±2.04ºC), heart rates remained between 72 and 240 beats/min (150.93±31.48); and respiratory rates ranged between 20 and 192 breaths/min (80.63±29.09). Restraint quality was evaluated by measuring muscle relaxation at 10, 15, 25 and 35 min after injection. Chemical restraint was excellent in about 90.00% and good in about 5.00% of the cases. Analgesia quality was evaluated mainly by measuring the reactions to painful stimuli such as pinching of a digit in the left thoracic limb at 10, 15, 25 e 35 min after injection, and was poor in more than 50.00% of the cases. Recovery occurred without psychomotor disturbances, and every animal remained calm until normal ambulation resumed between 105 and 277 min (164.94 ±37.14 min). The proposed method was safe for both animals and the human personnel. It is recommended for routine management and stressful but not painful medical procedures like physical examination, measuring, sexing, and urine and blood collection in D. azarae. This article rescues data obtained in an investigation performed back in 1998...

El agutí (Dasyprocta azarae) es un roedor neo tropical que necesita ser sujetado por medios farmacológicos para ciertos procedimientos médicos y de manejo, debido a características comportamentales de defensa y gran susceptibilidad a el estrés. La combinación de clorhidrato de ketamina, clorhidrato de xilacina y sulfato de atropina fue administrada por vía intramuscular a 53 agutíes (33 machos e 20 hembras) con pesos entre 0,74 e 3,58 kg (2,071±0,678 kg), para posibilitar la realización de procedimientos de campo que incluyan determinación de sexo, biometría, marcación, examen físico y colecta de sangre y orina. Cada animal fue pesado y la dosis individual de cada uno de los fármacos fue calculada por extrapolación alométrica interespecífica, usándose como modelo las dosis usualmente recomendadas para un perro doméstico de 10 kg (ketamina – 20,00mg/kg, xilacina – 2,00mg/kg y atropina – 0,05mg/kg). En todos los animales la inducción del estado de sujeción fue rápida, y la reacción postural de enderechamiento fue abolida entre 0,5 e 5,0 minutos (2,02±1,21 minutos) después de la inyección. La temperatura rectal varió de 28,9 a 40,9ºC (36,38±2,04ºC), la frecuencia cardíaca varió de 72 a 240 b.p.m. (150,93±31,48 b.p.m.) y la frecuencia respiratoria varió de 20 a 192 m.p.m. (80,63±29,09 m.p.m.). Se evaluó la calidad de la sujeción farmacológica, basado en el relajamiento muscular observado a los 10, 15, 25 y 35 minutos después de la inyección. La sujeción farmacológica fue excelente en casi 90,00% de los casos, y buena en otros 5,00%. La calidad de la analgesia fue evaluada principalmente por las reacciones de sensibilidad dolorosa al pinzamiento de un dígito del miembro torácico izquierdo a los 10, 15, 25 e 35 minutos después de la inyección, y fue ruin en más de 50,00% de los casos...

Effect of the ketamine/xylazine anesthetic on the auditory brainstem response of adult gerbils

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a test widely used to assess the integrity of the brain stem. Although it is considered to be an auditory-evoked potential that is influenced by the physical characteristics of the stimulus, such as rate, polarity and type of stimulus, it may also be influenced by the change in several parameters. The use of anesthetics may adversely influence the value of the ABR wave latency. One of the anesthetics used for e ABR assessment, especially in animal research, is the ketamine/xylazine combination. Our objective was to determine the influence of the ketamine/xylazine anesthetic on the ABR latency values in adult gerbils. The ABRs of 12 adult gerbils injected with the anesthetic were collected on three consecutive days, or a total of six collections, namely: pre-collection and A, B, C, D, and E collections. Before each collection the gerbil was injected with a dose of ketamine (100 mg/kg)/xylazine (4 mg/kg). For the capture of the ABR, 2000 click stimuli were used with rarefaction polarity and 13 stimuli per second, 80 dBnHL intensity and in-ear phones. A statistically significant difference was observed in the latency of the V wave in the ABR of gerbils in the C and D collections compared to the pre-, A and E collections, and no difference was observed between the pre-, A, B, and E collections. We conclude that the use of ketamine/xylazine increases the latency of the V wave of the ABR after several doses injected into adult gerbils; thus clinicians should consider the use of this substance in the assessment of ABR.

Dosagem hormonal e avaliação testicular em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyun thous) utilizando diferentes protocolos anestésicos / Hormonal analyses and testicular evaluation in Cerdocyun thous using different anesthetic protocols

Tree Cerdocyon thous males received different anesthesia protocols: tiletamine-zolazepan (7mg/kg); ketamine-xylazine (12 and 1mg/kg); ketamine-xylazine-atropin (12, 1.0 and 0.04mg/kg), ketamine-midazolam (12 and 0.5mg/kg) and ketamine-acepromazine (12 and 0.1mg/kg) for semen collection by electroejaculation, testosterone hormonal dosages, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), testicular manual evaluation, biometry by caliper and ultrassonography (US). The ejaculates collected by electroejaculation showed urine contamination making impossible the semen evaluation. The M±PD of serum testosterone was 0.74±0.2ng/mL. The cell types found in FNAC were: spermatogonia 13.3±11.5 percent, primary spermatocytes 5.5±1.1 percent, secondary spermatocytes 5.5±3.9 percent, early spermatids 12.8±6.2 percent, late spermatids 26.2±11.2 percent, sperm 14.5±4.7 percent and Sertoli cells 21.8±2.7 percent. Manual testicular evaluation showed normal consistency of testicles. The M±PD of testicular biometry by caliper was 3.8±1.5cm³ and by US was 1.1±0.3cm³. The animals showed normal spermatogenesis with normal spermatozoa observed in FNAC and normal testicular US.

Eficiência do laser diodo 980 nm em comparação à da glicose a 75 por cento na oclusão de veias da orelha de coelhos / The efficiency of the diode laser 980 nm compared to glucose 75 percent in occlusion of the veins in rabbit ears

CONTEXTO: Por ser o laser um método novo no tratamento das varizes, há muitos mitos e dúvidas com relação à sua eficácia; assim, surgiu a necessidade de compará-lo a substância esclerosante mais utilizada em nosso meio (glicose hipertônica). OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficiência do laser diodo 980 nm à glicose 75 por cento na oclusão de veias em orelha de coelho. MÉTODOS: Ensaio aleatório em animais de laboratório por 21 dias. A amostra consistiu de orelhas de coelhos machos adultos. Grupo L (laser): 15 orelhas tratadas com laser; grupo G (glicose 75 por cento): 15 orelhas tratadas com glicose a 75 por cento. Variáveis primárias: veias esclerosadas e/ou ocluídas. Variáveis complementares: volume da substância administrada, complicações e peso. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 30 orelhas. Foi realizado o teste exato de Fisher associado ao Risco Relativo (RR), calculando-se o intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95 por cento para as variáveis acima. RESULTADOS: A incidência de esclerose ou oclusão venosa no grupo G foi de 53 por cento (8/15; IC95 por cento: 27-79) e no grupo L, 20 por cento (3/15; IC95 por cento: 4-49). O p bicaudal foi de 0,1281, o RR usando a aproximação de Katz foi de 2,66; IC95 por cento: 0,87-8,15. CONCLUSÃO: A eficiência do laser diodo 980 nm em comparação à da glicose 75 por cento na oclusão de veias para o modelo experimental estudado foi equivalente.

BACKGROUND: The laser is a new treatment to varicose veins and there is several myths and doubts in relation to its efficacy; then, there is the need to compare it with the most commonly sclerosing solution (hypertonic glucose) used in our specialty. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficiency of the diode laser 980nm to the glucose 75 percent in the occlusion of veins from the ear of rabbits. METHODS: Aleatory trial in laboratory animals during 21 days. The sample consisted of ears from male adult rabbits. Group L (laser): 15 ears treated with laser; group G (glucose 75 percent): 15 ears treated with glucose 75 percent. Primary variables: sclerotic and/or occluded veins. Complementary variables: volume of the managed substance, complications and weight of rabbit. The sample size was estimated in 30 ears. The statistical analysis was carried out by Fisher''s exact test associated to the Relative Risk (RR), calculating the confidence interval of 95 percent for the mentioned variables. RESULTS: The incidence of sclerosis or venous occlusion in group G was 53 percent (8/15; 95 percentCI: 27-79) and in group L was 20 percent (3/15; 95 percent CI: 4-49). Two-tailed p was 0.1281, RR using the approximation of Katz was 2.66; 95 percentCI: 0.87-8.15. CONCLUSION: The efficiency of the diode laser 980 nm in comparison to glucose 75 percent in occlusion of veins in this experimental model was equivalent.

Sedative and analgesic effects of intravenous xylazine and tramadol on horses

This study was performed to evaluate the sedative and analgesic effects of xylazine (X) and tramadol (T) intravenously (IV) administered to horses. Six thoroughbred saddle horses each received X (1.0 mg/kg), T (2.0 mg/kg), and a combination of XT (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively) IV. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), indirect arterial pressure (IAP), capillary refill time (CRT), sedation, and analgesia (using electrical stimulation and pinprick) were measured before and after drug administration. HR and RR significantly decreased from basal values with X and XT treatments, and significantly increased with T treatment (p < 0.05). RT and IAP also significantly increased with T treatment (p < 0.05). CRT did not change significantly with any treatments. The onset of sedation and analgesia were approximately 5 min after both X and XT treatments; however, the XT combination produced a longer duration of sedation and analgesia than X alone. Two horses in the XT treatment group displayed excited transient behavior within 5 min of drug administration. The results suggest that the XT combination is useful for sedation and analgesia in horses. However, careful monitoring for excited behavior shortly after administration is recommended.

Electro-acupuncture reduces the need for additional anesthetics in experimental studies / Eletroacupuntura reduz a necessidade de doses adicionais de anestésicos em estudos experimentais

PURPOSE: To evaluate the possible beneficial effects of electro-acupuncture in rats subjected to ketamine/xylazine (KX) intra-peritoneal (i.p.) anesthesia. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were distributed in four equal groups. All rats received i.p. injections of ketamine (90 mg/kg) +xylazine (10 mg/kg) anesthesia. Basal values group (control) rats (BV) received no additional treatment. The equivalent of the human right ST36 (Zusanli) and CV-12(Zhongwan) acupoints were chosen for needling and electrical stimulation. AC rats were needled with sterilized disposable stainless steel needles at right ST36 and CV12 acupoints; needles were retained for 30 minutes. EAC10 rats, after needle insertion as described, had electrodes connected to both needles and to an electro stimulator model NKL EL-608; pulsed square waves, 10 Hz, 10 mA, was applied for 30 minutes. EAC100 rats were submitted to EA as described. However, a greater frequency (100 Hz) was used. RESULTS: Thirty-seven rats remained under adequate anesthetic level during the experiment. However, maintenance anesthesia was required by 11 rats. Need for additional anesthesia decreased to 9.1 percent in EAC100 rats compared to BV (36.3 percent). CONCLUSION: Both the AC and the EAC10/100 prolong the anesthetic effect of the combination Ketamine-xylazine in rats, allowing longer duration of anesthesia with a lower dose of anesthetic, thereby reducing the occurrence of complications.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os possíveis efeitos benéficos da eletroacupuntura em ratos submetidos à anestesia intraperitoneal (i.p.) com ketamina / xilazina. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e oito ratos Wistar foram randomizados em quatro grupos iguais. Todos os ratos receberam injeções i.p. de ketamina (90 mg / kg) + xilazina (10 mg / kg). Os ratos do grupo Valores Basais (controle - BV) não receberam nenhum tratamento adicional. Os acupontos equivalentes aos humanos E-36 (Zusanli) e VC-12 (Zhongwan) foram escolhidos para inserção de agulhas e estimulação elétrica. Os ratos do grupo AC foram estimulados com agulhas esterilizadas descartáveis, de aço inoxidável, nos acupontos E-36 direito e VC12. As agulhas foram mantidas por 30 minutos. Nos ratos do grupo EAC10, após agulhamento, como descrito, eletrodos foram conectados às agulhas e ao eletro-estimulador modelo NKL EL-608 e aplicadas ondas quadradas pulsantes, 10 Hz, 10 mA, por 30 minutos. Os ratos do grupo EAC100 foram submetidos à EA como descrito. No entanto, uma maior freqüência (100 Hz) foi utilizada. RESULTADOS: Trinta e sete ratos permaneceram no nível anestésico adequado durante o experimento. No entanto, a manutenção da anestesia foi se fez necessária em 11 animais. Nos ratos do grupo EAC100 a necessidade de anestesia complementar diminuiu para 9,1 por cento em comparação com ratos do grupo BV (36,3 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Tanto a AC como a EAC10/100 prolongam o efeito anestésico da combinação ketamina-xilazina em ratos, permitindo maior duração da anestesia com menor dose de anestésico, reduzindo assim a ocorrência de complicações.

Uso de morfina, xilazina e meloxicam para o controle da dor pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia / Morphine, xylazine and meloxicam in pain management after ovariosalpingohysterectomy of bitches

Foram realizados estudos empregando-se analgésicos por via epidural e subcutânea em cadelas de diferentes raças e idades, submetidas à castração mediante celiotomia. Vinte animais foram tranquilizados e anestesiados com tiletamina-zolazepam, e aleatoriamente distribuídos em quatro grupos (n=5), de acordo com o fármaco e a via de administração. Os do grupo morfina (GM) foram submetidos à anestesia epidural no espaço lombossacro, com morfina (0,1mg/kg) associada ao cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento. Aos do grupo xilazina (GX), foram administrados xilazina (0,2mg/kg) e cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento. Os do grupo meloxicam (GME) receberam 0,2mg/kg do anti-inflamatório meloxicam associado ao cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento, injetado pela via subcutânea. Os do grupo-controle (CG) receberam apenas cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento. O volume final para as injeções epidurais foi padronizado para 0,3mL/kg. A mensuração inicial da concentração de cortisol plasmático, do ritmo cardíaco, da frequência respiratória e os parâmetros comportamentais foram registrados imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico (M1). Registros adicionais foram apresentados às 2, 6, 12 e 24 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico (M2, M3, M4 e M5, respectivamente). As variáveis comportamentais foram avaliadas por meio de sinais clínicos e seus respectivos escores. Em GX foram observadas depressão respiratória, bradicardia e concentração de cortisol mais alta do que o registrado no GM. A analgesia obtida pelo meloxicam foi considerada ineficiente. É possível concluir que a morfina, via epidural, promoveu menor incidência de efeitos colaterais e melhor analgesia e bem-estar animal.

The use of analgesics by epidural and subcutaneous way in bitches submitted to surgical sterilization by laparotomy was evaluated. Twenty females dogs of different ages and breeds were sedated and anesthetized with a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam and randomly distributed into four experimental groups of five animals each. Through the epidural space, the animals of each group received 0.1mg/kg of morphine (MG) or 0.2mg/kg of xylazine (XG); while the control group (CG) received a 0.9 percent solution of chloride sodium. The final volume stabilished for lumbosacral epidural injections was 0.3mL/kg. The dogs of meloxicam group (MEG) subcutaneously received 0.2mg/kg of the drug. The initial measurement of plasmatic cortisol concentration, heart and respiratory rates, and behaviour parameters were evaluated as soon as the surgical procedure had finished (M1). These evaluations were repeated after 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours of the post-operative period (M2, M3, M4, and M5 respectively). The behaviour parameters were evaluated by clinical signs and respective scores. Values of cortisol concentration were higher in the xylazine group than the ones registered in the morphine group. Meloxicam failed to provide pain control. Epidural use of morphine guaranteed fewer side effects and better pain control.

Efeitos sedativo e cardiorrespiratório da administração da metadona, isoladamente ou em associação à acepromazina ou xilazina, em gatos / Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of methadone, alone or in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, in cats

Seis felinos com peso médio de 3,3±0,3 kg foram aleatoriamente submetidos a 6 tratamentos, com intervalo mínimo de 1 semana. Os animais receberam a administração intramuscular de solução fisiológica (controle), metadona (0,3 mg/kg), acepromazina (0,1 mg/kg), xilazina (1,0 mg/kg), acepromazina (0,05 mg/kg) + metadona (0,3 mg/kg) ou xilazina (0,5 mg/kg) + metadona (0,3 mg/kg). As freqüências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), a temperatura retal, o grau de sedação e o reflexo interdigital foram avaliados antes (basal) e após a administração dos tratamentos em intervalos específicos por 90 minutos. Nos animais tratados com xilazina ou xilazina/metadona, houve diminuição em FR, FC e na temperatura retal. Nos mesmos tratamentos, 1/6 e 2/6 animais não apresentaram reflexo interdigital em pelo menos um dos momentos avaliados. Nos animais que receberam a administração de 0,1 mg/kg de acepromazina, houve diminuição em PAS. Os escores de sedação foram mais elevados nos animais que receberam a administração de xilazina ou xilazina associada à metadona. A administração da metadona isolada ou associada à acepromazina resultou em sedação considerada insatisfatória e sinais de excitação em alguns animais. O uso da metadona isolado ou em associação à acepromazina foi considerado ineficaz quando se objetiva sedação moderada à intensa. A associação da metadona à xilazina produz sedação moderada à intensa, sendo esse efeito semelhante àquele observado após a administração da xilazina isoladamente em dose mais elevada.

Six cats weighting 3.3±0.3 kg were randomly allocated to 6 treatments, with at least one-week intervals. The cats received intramuscular administration of physiological saline (control), methadone (0.3 mg/kg), acepromazine (0,1 mg/kg), xylazine (1.0 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) plus methadone (0.3 mg/kg) or xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) plus methadone (0.3 mg/kg). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), indirect systolic arterial pressure (SAP), rectal temperature, sedation score and pedal withdrawal reflex were evaluated before (baseline) and at selected intervals after treatment administration for 90 minutes. Respiratory rate, HR and rectal temperature decreased in cats given xylazine or xylazine plus methadone. In 1 out of 6 cats given xylazine and 2 out of 6 cats given xylazine/methadone, pedal withdrawal reflex was absent. In cats given 0.1 mg/kg of acepromazine, SAP decreased compared to baseline. Sedation scores were greater in cats given xylazine or xylazine plus methadone. Methadone alone or in combination with acepromazine did not produce a satisfactory degree of sedation and resulted in signs of excitement in some of the cats. Methadone alone or combination with acepromazine was not considered an effective protocol when moderate to deep sedation is required in cats. Methadone in combination with xylazine produces moderate to deep sedation, being this effect comparable to that achieved with a higher dose of xylazine alone.

Continuous infusion in adult females dogs submitted to ovariohysterectomy with midazolam-xylazine and/or medetomidine pre-treated with methotrimeprazine and buprenorphine

PURPOSE: To compare, by continuous infusion of ketamine or medetomidine combined to methotrimeprazine and buprenorphine, ketamine and midazolam, the degree of hypnosis, myorelaxation, anesthetic quality and surgical feasibility through evaluation of possible parametric alterations and recovery quality. METHODS: 20 healthy adult females dogs, aged 3 to 5 years, body weight between 7 and 15 kg, were assigned randomly and homogenously to 2 groups of 10 animals each (n=10), group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2), respectively. Animals of G1 were subjected to a pre-treatment with intravenous 1.0 mg/kg methotrimeprazine and or 3ì/kg. After 15 minutes, a 5.0 mg/kg ketamine and 0.2 mg/kg midazolam were intravenously injected. Immediately after induction, an anesthetic combination of 0.4 mg/kg/h midazolam, 20 mg/kg/h ketamine and 1.0 mg/kg/h xylazine, was continuously and intravenously administered for 30 minutes. The same techniques were used in G2 except for the substitution of xylazine for 30ìg/kg/h medetomidine. RESULTS: In G1 there was a 1st and 2nd degree atrioventricular heart block, a longer recovery period and lower quality. In G2 a 1st degree atrioventricular heart block occurred but isolated and ephemeral. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous infusion method, besides reducing drugs utilization, prevented collateral effects allowing a more tranquil recovery with no excitations, both protocols permitted the surgical procedure (ovary-hysterectomy) bringing about a reduction in hypnosis and an accentuated myorelaxation. Xylazine and medetomidine showed a similar pharmacodynamic behavior but with different clinical aspects. The electrocardiographic alterations observed in G2 and in a lower degree in G1 must be well studied. Describers: dogs, ketamine, methotrimeprazine, medetomidine, midazolam and xylazine.

OBJETIVO: Comparar através de infusão contínua de xilazina ou medetomidina associada à metotrimeprazina e buprenorfina, cetamina e midazolam, o grau de hipnose, miorrelaxamento e qualidade anestésica e a viabilidade cirúrgica, avaliando eventuais alterações paramétricas e qualidade de recuperação. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 20 cães fêmeas, adultas, hígidas (3 a 5 anos de idade) com peso corporal entre 7 e 15 quilos, escolhidas e distribuídas aleatoriamente de forma homogênea em 2 grupos de 10 animais cada, (n=10) sendo estes designados por Grupo 1 (G1), e Grupo 2 (G 2). Em G1, os animais foram submetidos a um pré-tratamento com metotrimeprazina na dose de 1,0 mg/kg e buprenorfina na dose de 0,003mg/kg ou 3 µg/kg intravenoso. Decorridos 15 minutos, administrou-se cetamina na dose de 5,0 mg/kg e midazolam na dose de 0,2 mg/kg intravenoso. Imediatamente após a indução iniciou-se administração contínua, por um período de 30 minutos, da associação anestésica de midazolam 0,4 mg/kg/h, cetamina 20mg/kg/h e xilazina 1,0 mg/kg/h IV. Em G 2 utilizou-se a mesma técnica empregada em G1 substituindo-se, a xilazina pela medetomidina na dose de 30µg/kg/h. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se em G1 bloqueio átrio-ventricular de primeiro e segundo grau, período de recuperação mais longo além de menor qualidade. Em G 2 observou-se bloqueio átrio-ventricular de primeiro grau isolado e de ação fugaz. CONCLUSÕES: Ao se aplicar o método de infusão contínua, além da redução dos fármacos aplicados, evitaram-se efeitos colaterais permitindo uma recuperação mais tranqüila e isenta de excitações, ambos os protocolos permitiram a realização do ato cirúrgico (ovário-salpingo-histerectomia), causando uma redução da hipnose e um miorrelaxamento acentuado. A xilazina e a medetomidina apresentam um comportamento farmacodinâmico semelhante, porém com aspectos clínicos diferentes, as alterações eletrocardiográficas observadas em G 2 e em menor grau em G1 devem ser melhor estudadas.

Avaliação de alguns parâmetros ecocardiográficos do gato-do-mato (Leopardus tigrinus), mantido em cativeiro e submetido à anestesia com xilazina e quetamina / Evaluation of some echocardiographic parameters of Oncilla (L. tigrinus), kept in captivity and submitted to anesthesia with xilazine and ketamine

Avaliaram-se alguns parâmetros ecocardiográficos em modos B, M e Doppler de 27 gatos-do-mato, Leopardus tigrinus, pequeno felídeo selvagem, mantidos em cativeiro e submetidos à anestesia com 1 a 2mg/kg de xilazina e 10mg/kg de quetamina. Observaram-se alterações dos parâmetros cardiovasculares quando os resultados foram comparados aos do gato doméstico (Felis catus) não anestesiado.

Some echocardiographic parameters in B, M-mode and Doppler of 27 Oncillas, Leopardus tigrinus, a wild little feline, kept in captivity and submitted to anesthesia with 1 to 2mg/kg of xilazine and 10mg/kg of ketamine, had been evaluated. Changes of the cardiovascular parameters were observed when the results were compared to non anesthetized domestic cat (Felis catus).